Negotiating recovery in bereavement care practice in England: a qualitative study
Keywords:
Bereavement counselling, grief work, recoveryAbstract
AbstractThis paper explores how ‘recovery’ from grief is negotiated in bereavement care practice in England. What constitutes recovery from grief remains contested in bereavement research and practice. In this paper, I outline some of the debates in the literature concerning what constitutes recovery following bereavement before presenting interview data from bereavement counsellors and support workers to discover how practitioners negotiate recovery following bereavement in practice. The findings show mixed responses to the use of the term recovery. I highlight six components that emerged across the accounts and that the participants agreed were important to the success of bereavement counselling. However, rather than provide an empirical basis for recovery, the findings in this paper reveal the conflicts and ambiguities that exist in bereavement care practice.
References
Balk, D. E. (2004). Recovery following bereavement: An examination of the concept. Death Studies, 28(4), 361–374.
Balk, D. E. (2008). A modest proposal about bereavement and recovery. Death Studies, 32(1), 84–93.
Bereavement Services Association and Cruse Bereavement Care (2013). Bereavement Care Service Standards. London: BSA & Cruse.
Bonanno, G. A. (2009). The other side of sadness: What the new science of bereavement tells us about life after loss. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London: Tavistock.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss volume III: Loss, sadness and depression. London: Hogarth Press.
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Breen, L. J. (2010). Professionals’ experiences of grief counseling: implications for bridging the gap between research and practice. Omega, 62(3), 285–303.
Cacciatore, J. & Flint, M. (2012). ATTEND: Toward a mindfulness-based berevement care model. Death Studies, 36(1), 61–82.
Charmaz, K. (2004). Premises, principles, and practices in qualitative research: revisiting the foundations. Qualitative Health Research, 14(7), 976–93.
Currier, J. M., Neimeyer, R. A., & Berman, J. S. (2008). The effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions for bereaved persons: a comprehensive quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 134(5), 648–61.
Data Protection Act (1998). London: The Stationary Office.
Davidson, D. (2008). A technology of care: Caregiver response to perinatal loss. Women’s Studies International Forum, Special Edition. Women and Technologies of Reproduction, 31(4), 278–284.
Davidson, D. & Letherby, G. (2014). Griefwork online: Perinatal loss, lifecourse disruption and online support. Human Fertility, 3, 214–217.
Department of Health (2001). The Journey to Recovery - The Government’s vision for mental health care. London: Department of Health.
Foucault, M. (1970). The archaeology of knowledge. New York, NY: Pantheon.
Foucault, M. (1971). Nietzsche, genealogy, history. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), The Foucault Reader: An introduction to Foucault’s thought (pp. 76–100). London: Penguin.
Foucault, M. (1973). The birth of the clinic: An archaeology of medical perception. London: Routledge.
Foucault, M. (1984a). Polemics, politics and problematizations: An interview with Michel Foucault. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), The Foucault reader: An introduction to Foucault’s thought (pp. 381–90). London: Penguin.
Foucault, M. (1984b). Preface to The History of Sexuality Volume II. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), The Foucault reader: An introduction to Foucault’s thought (pp. 333–339). London: Penguin.
Freedom of Information Act (2000). London: The Stationary Office.
Freud, S. & (2006, originally, (1917). Mourning and melancholia. In A. Philips (Ed.), The Penguin Freud reader (pp. 310–326). London: Penguin.
Gorer, G. (1965). Death, grief and mourning in contemporary Britain. London: Cresset Press.
Hall, C. (2014). Bereavement theory: Recent developments in our understanding of grief and bereavement. Bereavement Care, 33(1), 7–12.
Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (2000). Doing qualitative research differently. London: Sage.
James, J. W. & Friedman, R. (2009). The grief recovery handbook: The action program for moving beyond death, divorce, and other losses including health, career and faith. New York, NY: William Morrow.
Jordan, J. R. & Neimeyer, R. A. (2003). Does grief counseling work? Death Studies, 27(9), 765–786.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation for everyday life. New York, NY: Hyperion.
Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. L. (Eds.). (1996). Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. London: Taylor & Francis.
Kubler-Ross, E. (1970). On death and dying. London: Tavistock.
Larson, D. G. & Hoyt, W. T. (2009). Grief counselling efficacy: What have we learned? Bereavement Care, 28(3), 14–19.
Lindemann, E. (1979). Beyond grief: Studies in crisis intervention. New York, NY: Aronson.
Neimeyer, R. (2005). Grief, loss, and the quest for meaning: Narrative contributions to bereavement care’. Bereavement Care, 24(2), 27–30.
Neimeyer, R. A. & Currier, J. M. (2009). Grief therapy: Evidence of efficacy and emerging directions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(6), 352–356.
Paletti, R. (2008). Recovery in context: Bereavement, culture, and the transformation of the therapeutic self. Death Studies, 32(1), 17–26.
Pearce, C. (2016). Recovering normal: a qualitative study of grief following bereavement. Unpublished PhD thesis, The Open University.
Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6(8), 1–12.
Rapley, T. (2001). ‘The artfulness of open-ended interviewing: some considerations when analysing interviews. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 303–323.
Rogers, C. (1951). Client-centred therapy: Its current practice, implications and theory. London: Constable and Company.
Rosenblatt, P. C. (2008). Recovery following bereavement: Metaphor, phenomenology, and culture. Death Studies, 32(1), 6–16.
Rosenblatt, P., Walsh, P.R., & Jackson, D.A. (1976). Grief and mourning in cross-cultural perspective., New York: Human Relations Area Files.
Rothaupt, J. W. & Becker, K. (2007). A literature review of Western bereavement theory: From decathecting to continuing bonds. The Family Journal, 15(1), 6–15.
Rowling, L. (1999). Being in, being out, being with: Affect and the role of the qualitative researcher in loss and grief research. Mortality, 2(2), 197–181.
Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., & Ayers, T. S. (2008). Resilience rather than recovery: A contextual framework on adaptation following bereavement. Death Studies, 32(1), 59–73.
Schut, H. (2010). Grief counselling efficacy. Bereavement Care, 29(1), 8–9.
Shear, M. K. (2010). Complicated grief treatment: The theory, practice and outcomes. Bereavement Care, 29(3), 10–14.
Shear, M. K. (2012). Grief and mourning gone awry: Pathway and course of complicated grief. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 14(2), 119–28.
Silverman, D. (2005). Doing qualitative research (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
Slade, M. (2010). Mental illness and well-being: The central importance of positive psychology and recovery approaches. BMC Health Services Research, 10, 26.
Stephen, A. I. & Wimpenny, P. (2008). Mapping bereavement care practice against research. Nursing Times, 104(17), 32–33.
Stroebe, M. & Stroebe, W. (1991). Does “grief work” work? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(3), 479–482.
Stroebe, & Schut, H., (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description. Death Studies, 23(3), 197–224.
Tedeschi, R. G. & Calhoun, L. G. (2008). Beyond the concept of recovery: Growth and the experience of loss. Death Studies, 32(1), 27–39.
The University of Nottingham and Department of Health (2010). Bereavement care services: A synthesis of the literature. London: Department of Health.
Tonkin, L. (1996). Growing around grief - another way of looking at grief and recovery. Bereavement Care, 15(1), 10–10.
Waller, A., Turon, H., Mansfield, E., Clark, K., Hobden, B., & Sanson-Fisher, R. (2016). Assisting the bereaved: A systematic review of the evidence for grief counselling. Palliative Medicine, 30(2), 132–148.
Walter, T. (1999). On bereavement: The culture of grief. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Woodthorpe, K. (2009). Reflecting on death: The emotionality of the research encounter. Mortality, 14(1), 70–86.
Worden, J. W. (1991). Grief counselling and grief therapy: A Handbook for the mental health practitioner (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Zisook, S. & Shear, K. (2009). Grief and bereavement: What psychiatrists need to know. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association, 8(2), 67–74.