Promote, oppose, accommodate or compensate?
Four ways religion can interact with society’s death practices
Keywords:
Ancestors, burial, cremation, euthanasia, grief, natureAbstract
AbstractThe article outlines four ways that religions interact with a society’s dominant practices for dying, funerals, grief and mourning. Examples are given of religious promotion of practices that may eventually become normative for society; of religious opposition to a society’s death practices; of subsequent accommodation, whether by mourners or their religious leaders; and of how culture may compensate if a dominant religion fails to provide adequate rites for mourning. At a personal level, when religious requirements and societal practices do not mesh, and in mixed-religion families whose members disagree over what rites are necessary, grief can become complicated for both individuals and families.
References
Chidester D. (2002). Patterns of transcendence: religion, death, and dying (2nd ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Garces-Foley K (2006). Death and Religion in a Changing World. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Parkes CM, Laungani P, Young B (2015). Death and bereavement across cultures (2nd ed). London: Routledge.
Baeke G, Wils JP, Broeckaert B (2011). We are (not) the master of our body: elderly Jewish women’s attitudes towards euthanasia and assisted suicide. Ethnicity and Health 16 259–278.
Boret SP (2014). Japanese tree burial: ecology, kinship and the culture of death. London: Routledge.
Bowker J (1991). The meanings of death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cohen J, Marcoux I, Bilsen J, Deboosere P, van der Wal G, Deliens L (2006). European public acceptance of euthanasia: socio-demographic and cultural factors associated with the acceptance of euthanasia in 33 European countries. Social Science and Medicine 63 743–756.
Curl J (1993). A celebration of death: an introduction to some of the buildings, monuments, and settings of funerary architecture in the Western European tradition (2nd ed). London: Batsford.
Davies C (1989). The ethics of certain death: suicide, execution and euthanasia. In: A Berger (ed). Perspectives on death and dying: cross cultural and multi-disciplinary views Philadelphia, PA: Charles Press.
Davies D (1990). Cremation today and tomorrow. Cambridge: Grove Books.
Davies D (2015). Mors Britannica: lifestyle and death-style in Britain today. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Davies D, Mates L (2005). Encyclopaedia of cremation. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate.
Davies D, Rumble H (2012). Natural burial: traditional secular spiritualities and funeral innovation. London: Continuum.
Davis KG (2006). Dead reckoning or reckoning with the dead: Hispanic Catholic funeral customs. Liturgy 21 21–27.
Douglas M (2004). Jacob’s tears: the priestly work of reconciliation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Draper JW (1967). The Funeral elegy and the rise of English Romanticism. London: Frank Cass.
Endres KW, Lauser A (2011). Engaging the spirit world: popular beliefs and practices in modern Southeast Asia. Oxford: Berghahn.
Firth S (1997). Dying, death and bereavement in a British Hindu community. Leuven: Peeters.
Garces-Foley K (2006). Death and religion in a changing world. Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.
Goody J, Poppi C (1994). Flowers and bones: approaches to the dead in Anglo and Italian cemeteries. Comparative Studies in Society & History 36 146–175.
Hazelgrove J (2000). Spiritualism & British society between the Wars. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Jupp P (2006). From dust to ashes: cremation and the British way of death. Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
LaFleur W (1992). Liquid life: abortion and Buddhism in Japan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Laqueur T (2015). The work of the dead. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Maxwell D (1998). “Delivered from the spirit of poverty”? Pentecostalism, prosperity and modernity in Zimbabwe. Journal of Religion in Africa 28 350–373.
Morris MS (1997). Gardens ‘for ever England’: landscape, identity and the First World War British cemeteries on the western front. Ecumene 4 410–434.
Niebuhr HR (1951). Christ and culture. New York: HarperCollins.
Owen S (2011). The world religions paradigm: time for a change. Arts & Humanities in Higher Education 10 253–268.
Park CW (2010). Between God and ancestors: ancestral practice in Korean Protestantism. International journal for the Study of the Christian Church 10 257–273.
Parkes CM, Laungani P, Young B (2015). Death and bereavement across cultures (2nd ed). London: Routledge.
Phillips MM (2006). In Madagascar, digging up the dead divides families. Wall Street Journal, 10 October. Available from: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115997617214582508 [accessed 1 March 2017].
Raudon S (2011). Contemporary funerals and mourning practices: an investigation of five secular countries. Auckland, NZ: Winston Churchill Memorial Trust.
Richardson R (1989). Death, dissection and the destitute. London: Penguin.
Rotar M (2015). Attitudes towards cremation in contemporary Romania. Mortality 20 145–162.
Sharma BK (2011). Funerary rites in Nepal: cremation, burial and Christian identity. Thesis (PhD). University of Wales / Oxford Centre for Mission Studies.
Steadman LB, Palmer CT, Tilley CF (1996). The universality of ancestor worship. Ethnology 35 63–76.
Tori (2014). How much do you know about Nepali Christian traditions? http://tori-fieldnotes.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/how-much-do-you-know-about-nepali.htm [Accessed 1 March 2017].
Troyer J (2013). Defining personhood to death. In: L Hagger, S Woods (eds). A Good death? Law and ethics in practice. Farnham: Ashgate, 41–54.
Walter T (1996). The Eclipse of Eternity - a sociology of the afterlife. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Walter T (forthcoming). Has Western modernity removed the dead from the world of the living? In: A Panagiotopoulos and D Espırito Santo (eds). Articulate necrographies: comparative perspectives on the voices and silences of the dead. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Wikan U (1988). Bereavement and loss in two Muslim communities: Egypt and Bali compared. Social Science & Medicine 27 451–460.
Winter J (1995). Sites of memory, sites of mourning: the Great War in European cultural history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.